Monday, 18 November 2019

Russian-Turkish collector war 1877-1878

Andrew Stepanenko

July 09, 2019 <https://scan1707.blogspot.com/2019/07/1877-1878.html>

Translated by Berenkova Violetta Michailovna

The text is closely connected with the next text about wars of the past. The main objective of this text is to show a difference between a real progress of events and that version dominating in the society opinion according to the version given in high school textbooks.

In 1851 the Ottoman empire borrowed money from Palmer and Goldsmith.
In 1854 the Ottoman empire took 75 million francs from England and France.
In 1855 the Ottoman empire borrowed from the Rothschilds’.

In 1873 the world financial crisis burst out, and it is clear, it became more difficult to repay debts. In 1875, in April the Ottoman Empire intensified tax pressure in Bulgaria, and in September that act resulted in the first revolt. The same year, in the summer because of increasing of tax pressure the revolt happened in Bosnia and Herzegovina

In 1875, on October 6, the Ottoman Empire got into the partial default condition – they could not pay interests on the state debt in time any more. The same year internal taxes were cancelled in the Ottoman Empire, probably, for acceleration of money turnover.

In 1876 the Anti-Ottoman mutiny burst out in Serbia and Montenegro. The same year an exchequer appeared in Serbia issuing its own tickets. The war with the government demanded resources. Already on May 1, 1876, Russia, Austro-Hungary and Germany signed a memorandum of reforms in the Ottoman Empire. The sovereignty of the Ottomans was ignored as already nonexistent. England and France who lent money were in shadow. They appeared 2 years later in 1879 - as regulating forces.

Two weeks later after the memorandum, 17/29 May, 1876 revolution of "the New Eight" occurred in the Ottoman Empire. Sultan Abdulaziz was dethroned, his nephew Murad V was elevated to the throne. In case the dethroned sultan borrowed money in his own name, the debt was already not valid. However, I think, he took money in the name of his family, and Murad V should pay it off.

Seven months later, in December 1876 the Great Powers under the direction of Russia already sat in Constantinople. The powers decided which reforms the Ottoman Empire should carry out. It resembles external management in case of bankruptcy. On December 23, 1876, the constitution of the Ottoman Empire was proclaimed. Freedom and equality were declared, the two houses parliament appeared.

Here is an important turn point. If the sultan borrowed money in the name of his family, the family could be killed, and the debt - forgotten. But if a popularly elected president borrowed money in the name of his people, his displacement solved nothing, - the country had to pay off the debt all the same. The Ottoman Empire did not become a national democracy state, but the parliament took responsibility from below - on behalf of those whom it governed. It was as in the case with mortgage – banks needed a guarantor. The Parliament, it was unimportant, how much national it was, was such a guarantor.

The situation in 1876 was controlled by the Young Turks suddenly appeared out of nowhere. However, in January 1877 the Turkish party refused to discuss their country destiny in that way. As a result, on March 19 (31), 1877, Russia de facto delivered an ultimatum to the Ottomans.

The Ottomans were silent.

On April 16, 1877 Romania (a province of the Ottoman Empire) officially concludes a convention with Russia concerning an easy access of the Russian armies. Simultaneously the “mortgage tickets” of the Ministry of Finance and the National Bank of Romania not existing yet (it would be founded in 1880) were issued. On April 24, 1877 in Bulgaria (a province of the Ottoman Empire) the appeal to Bulgarians for the weapon - to help the Russian armies - was issued. The same year Macedonia, territorially still not arranged, also declared war to the Ottomans.

In June 1877, the meeting of the promised Turkish parliament took place at last, but the parliament did not agree clear off someone else’s debt. On a charge of conspiracy, many of the “New Ottomans” were subjected to repression, and, personally, I do not exclude that it was reasonable. However, the constructed road “Haidar-pasha (Istanbul) – Izmit” was immediately “sold” to the Deutsche Bank in exactly 1877 - obviously as payment off the debts.

In February 1878, the parliament unwilling to sign under someone else’s enslaving receipt was dismissed, and the Constitution of 1876 terminated its existence. Dictatorship (if the dictator was chosen correctly) appeared to be more reliable.

On March 3, 1878, the Treaty of San Stefano was signed between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. The new sultan recognized independence of Montenegro, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria; Bosnia and Herzegovina received wide autonomy. Those forces that lent the Ottomans money, and started to dispose legally of earlier pledged rights to the state-owned property, persistently remained in the shadow.

Territories with their population were really regarded as something that it was possible not only to pledge in a bank, but to purchase and to sell as well. So, Russia received the contribution of 1 billion 410 million roubles, but 1 billion 100 million roubles of it were covered by the cost of the Turkish annexed territories. Thus, only 310 million roubles actually paid off.
http://ttolk.ru/articles/osvoboditelnyiy_pohod_na_tsargrad._otdannaya_rossiey_pobeda_chast_iv

As Russia added in the agreement something from itself (in Transcaucasia), the congress assembled in Berlin where all above added requirements were withdrawn.

From September 18, until April 14, 1879 the European Commission organic charter development operated. In Bulgaria the governor-general was administered, a Christian reform was carried out and local armed forces were arranged. Thus, the general power of the Ottomans over Bulgaria remained in force - until 1908. I think, the purpose was repayment of the Ottomans’ debt.

In 1879 it was mentioned for the first time that it all because of the English-French credit of 1854 - those 75 million francs. That debt is mentioned only because in 1879 the Ottoman Empire had to lend money one more time and again - in Europe. The creditor is not mentioned. It is known only that the taxation right in the Empire passed to a group of bankers from Galata in a tax farming (that medieval tax farming) for 10 years.

In 1881 a gold-coin standard was introduced in Turkey, - the country definitely tried to get out of the problem. Here, in 1881 the decree of the sultan was issued concerning creation of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration. Its council included representatives of England, France, Germany, Austro-Hungary and local creditors.

There is no Russia in this company of "observers"; at it had a different function. I will not tell about 1877, and in the first half of the XIX century, a Russian soldier cost for European customers approximately four times cheaper than a French one. It made sense to invite Russia in business, first of all, in case of war.

In addition, certainly, it is only an iceberg top. In that 1876 when the Young Turks appeared in Turky, the Young Czechs emerged in Czechia. That is, Vienna was a debtor as well. Marx wrote about this indebtedness of Austro-Hungary, but somehow without mentioning that both processes had much in common - both in Vienna and Istanbul.

Understanding that process had a uniform character, I have tried to find what occurred in Slovakia known for its silver mines, and found out that the history of Slovakia of the XIX century is a gap in the Slovak version of Wikipedia. Slovaks are not ready yet to describe the events occurring in their country during those 100 years. Meanwhile, one of the first railways in Europe was built in Slovakia, and it is a clear evidence of a huge some of money.

EPILOGUE:
Nobody hides this information, and so is the history of Europe which can be easily understood without drilling. The role of Russia looks absolutely different here: it is possible to dismiss charge in unreasonable aggression from it. National-liberation movement in the Balkans looks absolutely different as well. Moreover, the most important conclusion is not to forget any more about character of the logic connections created in this text.

LIST OF MAIN TEXTS
24. Chronological shifts: Catherine's shift and 59-year-old one. https://chispa1707.blogspot.com/2020/03/chronological-shifts-catherines-shift.html
25. The Roman numeration - a key to the chronology secret. https://chispa1707.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-roman-numeration-key-to-chronology.html
27. Lacuna
28. Lacuna
.
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About invitation of the Varangians to Russia

Andrew Stepanenko

July 07, 2019 <https://scan1707.blogspot.com/2019/07/blog-post_92.html>

Translated by Berenkova Violetta Michailovna

The text is directly based on the article concerning the tribute from Russian cities.

INVITATION OF THE VARANGIANS
The Varangians founded cities that is why they needed only the right to rent of a piece of land at the river. At that stage, they contacted with peasantry only through trade with the military tribal nobility – the boyars. Eighty-four articles in Wikipedia devoted to Grand dukes of Kiev, is never mention the term "peasants" in chronology from 860 to 1272 (412 years). The reason: the peasantry did not exist for the princes; they were in “ownership” of local boyars.

THE KIEV PRINCES - STRANGERS
The first Varangians in Kiev were Askold and Dir, then they were replaced by the Ruriks, and this name is of the Caucasian origin, not Scandinavian; it explains close primary relations of the Ruriks with Khazaria, and then - with Circassia, Chechnya and Kabarda. There were neither invasion, nor any other act of submission of the Russian territory to external forces. Moreover, there was no any submission of local peasants to Kiev (and there could not be any at that stage). The city of Kiev for Russia at this stage resembled the French chain store "Ashan". If the prices were too excessive, the Ruriks would be simply refused in the rent contract prolongation, and Russia would invite someone other.

Pay attention, during the epoch of the seigniorial Duma the power was a two-chamber type: the Duma, using the Customer Law, played a legislature role, and princes were occupied with external relations. Without the boyars’ will no decision would come into force in Russia, but only princes decided, whether there would be any war for a city or a transport corridor. The sources of the historical loss of nobility is that it was not they, but princely cities who established price hierarchy of the goods. The same siyuation was everywhere.

THE CORE
The tribute of Russian princes to the Tatars and Khazars was a consequence of trade and economic expansion of Russian merchant class at the Tatar and Khazaria’s territories. Conflicts due to the not paid in time tribute, most possibly, were caused by some force majeure following the results of large natural disaster, and, accordingly, the broken important transactions.

Absence of long tributary relations in most parts of Europe is typical. It means that identical historical processes inside and out of Europe are interpreted differently. To create base conditions for the other interpretation is simple: you give to the annalistic term emptio the meaning of "purchase", and to the term coemptio – the meaning of "sale", and all history of a vast region should be considered in an absolutely different way.

LIST OF MAIN TEXTS
24. Chronological shifts: Catherine's shift and 59-year-old one. https://chispa1707.blogspot.com/2020/03/chronological-shifts-catherines-shift.html
25. The Roman numeration - a key to the chronology secret. https://chispa1707.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-roman-numeration-key-to-chronology.html
27. Lacuna
28. Lacuna
.
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Friday, 15 November 2019

About tribute from Russian cities

Andrew Stepanenko
July 07, 2019 <https://scan1707.blogspot.com/2019/07/blog-post_7.html>

Translated by Berenkova Violetta Michailovna

TRADING STATIONS AND EMPORIAS
Cities of America started with trading stations - protected fenced trading platforms, as a rule, on a river bank, - there lived Europeans in a trading station, outside - the native population. If the place was successful, and the local goods are numerous, the number of warehouses grew, there appeared blacksmith shops, shops for processing of semifinished products, and once the trading station turned into a city.
Russian trading stations developed in Siberia in absolutely the same way. Thus, the Cossack villages grew along the Bitter line and all other lines. Roman emporias developed like that as well - fenced trading platforms protected by small military division on the foreign land. When those trading stations and emporias became cities, they were children of strangers, not natives.

CITIES ON THE FOREIGN LAND
Cities in Turkey, situated mainly on a coastal strip are of Greek origin. At the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, Crimea and Ukraine there were Greek, Turkish, Hazard, Genoese and Venetian cities. On the old maps of the Caspian Sea, Polish, Georgian and Russian settlements can be found. In the Volga region, there was a whole series of cities of the Golden Horde, culturally alien to the native population. In the Khan Ukraine, there lived Ukrainians and Moldavians in villages, in cities, there were Turks, and so it was across the European part of the Ottoman Empire. Russian merchants founded the city of Jurev in Estonia. The Hanseatic League traded in Novgorod. In Ukraine and in Belarus there were many Polish settlements, in Poland and France – German ones, in Germany - Polish and French ones. In the North Africa, there are many Roman ruins. In East Africa, there are many Indian and Arabian settlements. America is covered with the cities founded by Europeans. Japanese founded cities on the lands of the Ainu, the Chinese - on the lands of the Vietnamese and Burmese. Here we see one general rule: cities were founded by strangers. For this reason, the Golden Bull of Hungary determined all townspeople without any exception as foreigners.

ETNO-HISTORICAL DUALISM
In the first half of 19 century rural population of East Germany were Sorbian Slavs (toponym toponyms are entirely Sorbian), and city population was mainly German. The most important question is whose land it was. As in the critical 19 century, the economy was administered by cities, the territory is considered historically German.
The Egyptian nationalism till 1900 had a clear anti-Arab orientation. The same situation: village was Egyptian, and the Arabian managed the city economy. As a result, Egyptians are generally considered as Arabs.
The same situation developed in Austro-Hungary: the Austrian cities were in the middle of the Slavic lands, and the local Slavic nationalism had a remarkable anti-Austrian orientation. However, as mines, factories and banks were managed in the language of cities, the statehood became Austrian as a result.
In Greece, antique Greek cities were situated in the middle of the Bulgarian population settlements; Bulgarians also took part in the war for freedom of Greece against Turks. Nevertheless, in cities there were Greeks, and the country became Greece.
In Russia, the most vivid example is connected with historically Finno-Ugric regions, in the Moscow Region: the contemporary population looks like Russians, but the story began with the foundation of some Russian cities on the rivers.
Any attempts to present any region as historically monocultural are obviously incorrect; in the past there should be at least two cultures everywhere - rural one and city one, ethnically alien to it.

INTERETHNIC "SYMBIOSIS"
The native goods were in hands of local aristocracy. Therefore, the trade of maple syrup gathering was controlled by Canada Indians, and there was no need to intercept that business. Struggle went there where the margin was collected; it was for the position of the syrup buyer, and the struggle went between strangers on that land. For the buyer the only method to get fixed on that land was to pay a tribute to the locals, which nowadays is called as a rent. In that case, local tribes acted as the power guarantor - there was no possibility for the potential aggressor trying to capture other trading stations to fight with local guerrillas.

ABOUT THE TRIBUTE RUSSIAN FROM CITIES 
It is known, the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, paid tribute to the Ottoman sultan - for those cities that were on the Ottoman land. The Hanse members paid to the Russian authority. The Genoeses paid to the Crimean Tatars, and the Byzantines and the Rus’ people – to the Khazars. Here again it is necessary to remember that the annalistic Rus’ people, as well as the Byzantines, were strangers in Khazaria; they should pay a rent for the land on which there were their shops. In general, the tribute from Russian cities can mean two variants of calculations:
It is payment of Russian merchants for the rent of the non-Russian land under Russian cities;
It is payment of non-Russian merchants for rent of the Russian land under non-Russian cities.
There are no other variants in the tribal economy.

TRIBUTE OF 14 TRIBES TO KIEV
Fourteen tribes took part in the war with Greeks on the Kiev’s side; however, at first The Ruriks persuaded those 14 tribes to pay tribute to Kiev, instead of the Khazars. The Khaganate had just fallen, and inhabitants of Kiev became the most influential people in the region. However the location of the tribes which were paying tribute the Khazars, were the Kiev, Zhitomir, Gomel, Mogilyov, Vitebsk, Brest, Oryol and Kaluga areas plus Bessarabia. It was not the territory of the Khazaria Khaganate. Here is a question, what did they pay for? The answer emerges, when you analyze, who the Uliches and the Tivertsi were.

WHO WERE THE ULICHES AND THE TIVERTSI 
“The Bavarian geographer”, in second half of IX century, specifies that the Uliches had 318 cities and the Tivertsi - 148 cities. Here we see not peasants; but merchants, townspeople. They could pay the Khazars only for land rent under the trading stations in Khazaria. It is clear that when The Ruriks inherited from the Khazars the power in the region, rent payments began to flow to Kiev.

I will result the most courageous map of the Khazaria Khaganate what I have found. All tributaries resubordinated by Kiev (red colour) are either at the periphery, or just outside of the Khazars’ sphere of influence. That is, that tribute was not from peasants - for the right to breathe on that land, but from merchants - for the right to trade on that strange land. Only that way The Ruriks with their 3 (three) cities could connect to their network super-rich Uliches with 318 cities and Tivertsi with 148 cities.


By the way, the Tivertsi settled down in Bessarabia and further in the Eastern Europe, with the centre in the Polish city of Chervyen; and among the Roman emperors (who, as we already know, mostly came from Serbia) there were some Tivertsi. Moreover, pay attention, having started to take the tribute, Kiev never encroached neither on their territories, nor on their authorial power. The conclusion, I repeat once again: tributary relations with cities were not subordination relations; those were rent relations. The Tivertsi and the Uliches leased platforms from the Ruriks for their trading stations at the Black Sea, and sometimes at the Caspian Sea.

TRIBUTE OF MOSCOW TO THE CRIMEAN KHANS
Moscow could pay a tribute to the Crimean khans only for the land rent under Russian trading stations in the sphere of influence of the Crimean Khanate: in Crimea, in Ukraine, in Pryazovia and in the North Caucasus. In particular, the Rus’ people long enough asked, and at times even demanded from The Byzantine Empire to transfer to them the Chersonese. If that transfer took place, and the rent payment (the tribute to the Crimean Tatars) passed from the Byzantine Empire to the Rus’ people. Such tribute is legal and fair. The termination of the tribute payment was most possibly connected with the act relation of the Moscow and Crimean monarchs, - there are evidences concerning such dynastic relations.

ABOUT THE COUNTRIES AND INVASIONS
The ideas about captures of regions by an external aggressor is sometimes influenced by fiction writers. The wars of the past were the wars of trading networks for transport corridors - not for the land. Five percent of the population struggled for the right to take trading profits from 95 % of the population. Even the axiom about the invasion of the South America by the Spaniards and Portuguese is incorrect: the Europeans either founded their trading stations, or captured networks of cities, not less alien for native rural culture than European ones. Nobody was at war with country people. The aim of the capital was trading integration of city and village, and this integration occurred by itself - without any need to capture arable lands and hayfields.

EXAMPLES OF TRADING NETWORKS
A perfect example: the Cossacks on the Amur. Three hundred Cossacks defended facing China the right to control the river, penetrating with its inflows millions hectares of the land occupied by hundreds of small tribes. Nobody was going to capture those tribes; the main river transport artery was the success background of all the rest factors.
So was the Roman Empire: the network of trading stations thrown as a network, on the rivers and seas. So was the Ancient Egypt: a network of Coptic cities specializing in grain export, and delivering architect service as an exchange. So was the Volga Golden Horde – a developed organization, as the excavation have shown, stuffed with high technologies, that is why delivering to locals pig-iron items of complex molding.

DEVELOPMENT VARIANTS
Representatives of trading stations and local land aristocracy are inclined to making relations; it is mutually beneficial. So it happens that 19 century landowners spoke not the same language as their peasants: in Ukraine there were the Polish landowners, in Baltic – the Ostsee Germans; premixing of foreign impurities in village follows the cities’ traces. There is also a return process: in cities, more and more native population appeared, and they sometimes took the power in cities as well.

THE LIST OF CONCLUSIONS
Trading stations and cities were always founded by foreigners.
Vast rural territories up to 19 century were not captured; therefore, the theses about gathering a tribute from the invaded villages are insolvent. In 18 century in Poland, the village did not pay anything into the treasury, and that fact had legal reasons.
The tribute from cities is analogue of the rent for the benefit of local land aristocracy.
Large bargains were usually accompanied by dynastic marriages, and the great part of mutual settlement of accounts occurred according to tribal law rules in the form of gifts from the younger relatives to the senior ones. It is irreducible to the simple scheme of "purchase and sale" typical for our society. It was, more likely, mutual tribal surety, called in Rome with the terms emptio, coemptio that did not receive in dictionaries any correct definitions.

LIST OF MAIN TEXTS
24. Chronological shifts: Catherine's shift and 59-year-old one. https://chispa1707.blogspot.com/2020/03/chronological-shifts-catherines-shift.html
25. The Roman numeration - a key to the chronology secret. https://chispa1707.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-roman-numeration-key-to-chronology.html
27. Lacuna
28. Lacuna
.
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Friday, 1 November 2019

Slavery and demography in the USA

Andrew Stepanenko

July 03, 2019 <https://scan1707.blogspot.com/2019/07/blog-post.html>

Translated by Berenkova Violetta Michailovna

WHAT IS SLAVE-TRADE
We have already seen that the antique slavery was a time-limited obligation (up to 4-7 years) to pay off a debt - sometimes in a form of work. During re-elections of the supreme power the debt was written off everywhere – that is why there were so many fcanemen in antiquity. So it was in Judea, Ancient Rome and Russia. Here we have a question: who taught American slave-traders, and was the American slavery that kind of slavery, which was so picturesquely described for us in fiction?

I present two maps. On the left, there is the slave-trade centres, on the right - the states that existed prior to the epoch of the Europeans’ sea exploration. Correlations are total: slaves were delivered only therefrom where there was statehood of feudal type.


It means that black workers were delivered approximately in the same order as serfs were sold in Europe. Nobody did not run with a lasso in the jungles to catch a victim; black peasants were simply given the order, and they walked up on rule of the ships of their new misters.

It is a high time to remember bills of sale for manors in Russia - without any mention of actual peasants’ sale - and once again, to focus our attention on the fact that it was not people trade; they traded the feudal rights to using other people's work. Moreover, the trade was not direct, but mediate, through becoming related with someone: at first, the buyer became related with the seller through marriage with the local princess, and only then, her serfs submitted to him.

How many times such operation of the latent resale could repeat? According to the Irish national right it was authorized to marry a daughter up to 21 times, and with each marriage she represented the increasing value as she acquired more and more property (within the limits of customer law it was inaliennable) with every husband.

For peasants the legal situation did not change in case of such camouflaged resales; they simply submitted to the regent of their tribal prince. Responsibility for assignment of rights to peasants for money was accepted by the tribal elite - in France of 18 century it was the French elite, and in a case with the Afro-Americans - the African one.

Base claims of the Afro-Americans to white people should be cancelled here - once and forever. Secondary claims, as thrashing, have the right to life for the present. However, this category of claims is deprived of racial shade, - all saves were thrashed. Moreover, approximately 20 % of the people imported into colonies were white slaves from Europe and only about 13 % - Afro-Americans. In addition, behind each group of the imported people there was a tribal feudal lord who had transferred them to their new mister. This is not a racial, but social and historical problem.

BONDAGE SLAVERY IN THE USA
Pennsylvania is interesting because Quakers and Barings Bank created it from the very beginning. It looks like a large social experiment of the huge and rather independent capital. For the first time Quakers of Pennsylvania liberated slaves in 1788 - one year prior to the very first slogans of the Great French Revolution. In my reconstruction with a shift in 59 years (the most widespread one), it was 1847. Moreover, in 1847 slaves of Pennsylvania were liberated once again and officially as well. The main thing, in 1847 in Pennsylvania and in 1845 in Illinois BONDAGE slaves were liberated.

The exact text:
1845 Illinois In V. Jarrot, the Illinois Supreme Court frees the last indentured ex-slaves in the state who were born after the Northwest Ordinance. [74]
1847 Pennsylvania The last indentured ex-slaves, born before 1780 (fewer than 100 in the 1840 census [84], but over than 60 and also over than 25) are fcane.
The source:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_abolition_of_slavery_and_serfdom

The keyword is indentured – the meaning is: a person who is bounded with the agreement or concluded a contract. I will remind that they officially meant slaves. In one case, the expression indentured ex-slaves was prescribed to the Irish, but Irish were usual called as indentured servants for life, and it had absolutely different meaning - lifelong hiring.

This is the reason to consider that some part of slaves in the USA were legally not in bondage slavery, and in 1847 in Pennsylvania they made an redemption experiment which 1-2 years later would be implemented in all Europe.

FOUR TYPES OF POWER
It seems most likely that the first settlers in the USA were counts with their serfs and bondage debtors. I will result two pair examples, which are significant and adequate to the America exploration epoch.
Count Albemarle was a count title in Great Britain. Albemarle is a district in Virginia, the USA.
Lord Delaware was the governor-general in America. Delaware is a state of the USA.

Therefore, all colonial properties were partitioned by royal charter into one of four types: proprietary, royal, joint stock, or covenant.
The source:
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_colony

It not an exception; in 1864 more than half of cities of Poland were possessory, that is, they belonged to certain families. During the same epoch, possessory cities were fixed in Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Transcaucasia. It means that all costs bore private owners of settlements, that is, budgets were decentralized, and we should speak with care about a single state up to 1860s.

ASIENTO ESSENCE  
Asiento was the right to trade slaves passing from one country to another. This word is translated as "consent" (Spanish reale asiento meaning exactly “the royal consent”), meaning the permission given to private persons on trade in black slaves. However the exact meaning of the word asiento – “a sitting, a place”, and words “hacienda”, “fazenda” related to it mean “a manor, an estate”. Synchronously all this set of concepts existed in Russia of the seigniorial epoch - having actually the exact meaning - as a sitting, a manor, feeding.
I will add that it is possible to take away and capure a sitting, a manor and feeding, and captuing reale asiento (the royal consent) by other state is deprived of sense.

WHO AFRICANS APPEARED IN AMERICA 
The overwhelming majority of the Afro-Americans according to the genetic analysis come from the Fulbe people, and this is from Mali. There are two evidences of departure to America of huge fleets from Mali - in 1311 and 1331. And nobody, except sultans of Mali, could not send so many representatives of the Fulbe people oversea. It was the sultan of Mali Musa I who invested huge amount of gold in the world economy in 1324. Dates are misleading – the history of Mali is a huge white gap, however chronologically these two types of events - enormous export of gold from the country and mass people export from the country - happened absolutely nearby and are definitely connected with some internal locally Mali crisis.

The consensus of the leading archeologists, anthropologists, ethnohistorians, linguists and other modern scientists specialising in the Pre-Columbian era, assert that there are no evidences on any mass Fulbe people travel to America. However, these arguments are not quite correct: there are clear evidences; they don’t just match the Euro-centrism paradigms.

MOSLEMS IN THE SOUTH AMERICA
Extracts from the material: I.I. Komarova. Moslems in the South America (Комарова И. И. Мусульмане в Южной Америке)

There are numerous evidences that Moslems from Spain and the Western Africa appeared in America at least five centuries before Columbus did, in particular, during rule of the caliph Abdul-Rahman III Umayyad (929 961).
The historian and geographer Abu-al-Hasan Ali ibn Al-Huseyn Al-Masudi (871-957) wrote in his book “Gold Placers and Mines of Jewelry” that during the rule of the Caliph of Spain Abdulla Ibn Muhammad (888-912), Hashhash ibn Saed ibn Asvad - a Moslem from Cordoba - floated from Delba (Palos) in 889 year, crossed the Atlantic, reached the unknown territory (Ard Majhoola) and come back with incredible treasures.
On October 12th, 1492 Columbus landed on a small island at the Bahamas which natives called Guanahana (Guanahany). It was renamed into San Salvador by Columbus; the name Ganahany had West African origin (“Brothers of Hany”).
Ferdinand Columbus, Christopher’s son, wrote about the Afro-Americans noticed by his father in Honduras: “People who live further to the east from Puanta Cavinas to the Cape Grekaios Dios, are almost black”. At the same time a tribe of the Moslems known as almami lived in the same region. In the tribe language Mandinka (Mandingo) and the Arabian languages “almami” means "Al-imam", that is a person reciting a prayer or the head of the Moslem community.
Leo Wiener, a well-known American historian, a linguist, a specialist in the problems of linguistic interference, from the Harvard University wrote in his book “Africa and America Discovery” (1920) that Columbus knew perfectly well about presence of representatives of the tribe Mandinka in the New World, and that they had spread along the Caribbean basin and territories accessible to them.
In 1920s Leo Wiener composed three volumes of linguistic coincidence in the languages of Indians and Africans. One more volume was added by the Frenchman G.Covais in 1930. Thorough studying of lexicon of various languages led Wiener to the conclusion that “the African influence on the American continent could not appear before XI century as many Mandinka words in the Pre-Columbian layers of the American Indian languages possess obvious traces of the Arabian influence”.

STRUGGLE AGAINST MOORS IN AMERICA
When Hernan Cortes invaded Mexico, his call was “Santiago Matamoros!” (Saint Jago, beat moors!). Here it would be necessary to tell that Saint Jago (Apostle Jacob, Jago-Moorstruggler) to whom soldiers addressed, was one of the most significant saints of the Catholic church structures of Latin America. This apostle sacrificed all his life for the war with moors and Mamelukes, appearing in front of Christian armies and helping to kill Moslems, - basically, in America.

Only in America the nickname Matamoros is immortalized in administrative toponymy: such name has the municipality in the sate of Tamaulipas (Mexico). Moreover, here is one more coincidence, the surname Matamoros had a Mexican priest-patriot who was a talented commander in the juvenile country.

In the Old World apostle Jacob, or Santiago Matamoros, had a different nickname: Santiago Matagodos, but t is impossible to find this word in the dictionaries. Google-translator gives out “the murderer of  goths”, but couple of years earlier it was “Saint Jago the Hooligan”.

Here is a citation from El Mercurio

El apóstol Santiago fue un ejemplo: venerado en la península ibérica como “matamoros”, llegó al Nuevo Mundo y se trasplantó como “mataindios”. En un acomodo iconográfico, la población autóctona creó al Santiago “matagodos”, lo que confirma, a juicio de Rodrigo Gutiérrez, profesor de la Universidad de Granada, en España, que los cultos no sólo fueron imposiciones, sino que también elecciones.
Los cambios en el arte americano tras la independencia
Artículo publicado en “Artes y Letras”, El Mercurio

I.I.Komarova writes in her book that after Baiano’s death, the leader of the Islamic opposition in Panama Spaniards initiated efforts to destroy any mention of Islam. Modern Panama history books try not to mention the fact of Islamic presence at the early period of the country history.

A Catholic priest Juan Lorente directly argues that the Saint Inquisition has withdrawn ALL books about America. The history of the continent exploration, as a matter of fact, was entirely rewritten and changed.

GENETIC PARADOX OF LIBERIA AND SIERRA-LEONE
Africans from the intercepted slaveholding courts were unloaded on two land sports - Liberia and Sierra Leone. Britain was engaged in struggle against slave trading from 1788 to 1873 - 85 years. Theoretically, genetic strangers at the territory of Sierra Leone and Liberia should be the same amount as the Russians in Siberia - 95 percent. However, proportions are opposite: in Liberia descendants of slaves are 5 %, and in Sierra Leone - 10 %.

Taking into consideration the dynamics of the population growth typical for these two countries, it was enough to unload 2100 people in Liberia in 1847, to achieve the increase up to contemporary figures.

Such situation calls into question the duration and the degree of involvement into the struggle of Great Britain against slave trading.

THE GENERAL STATISTICS
From 1847 to 1861, 5.79 million emigrants from Europe were exported to the colony. The Afro-Americans of the USA basing at the Liberian population increase rate (not the highest one) would reach the contemporary figure, if for the same period of 1847-1861 they had been imported into the USA in seven times less quantity than Europeans - 800 thousand.

The most important thing here - this proportion one to seven. Emigrants thanks to whom there has developed the current demographic situation in the USA, intensely has been moving into the country since 1820 with great peaks in second half of 19 century. On one hand, it happened because in 1848 there was the Great Social revolution in Europe, and only then millions peasants appeared superfluous in the labour market. On the other hand, only by 1840, steam engines had massively been expanded, and for the first time there appeared a steam power-saw bench, so, cheap shipboard was accessible. Moreover, only since 1825 there appeared a serious interest to agricultural crops of America in Europe.

There simply existed neither technical possibilities, nor motive to import black workers, especially, in million quantity, before that period. I will show development of labour market requirements in the USA in terms of the American agricultural cultures.

TOBACCO
In practice, tobacco (and it was proved to be mostly narcotic plants) were never trusted to slaves, - the American regional specialists clearly write about that fact.

SUGAR CANE
Officially, they managed to adapt sugar cane in Louisiana for the first time only after 1831. Earlier attempts to acclimatize the Egyptian cane appeared to be unsuccessful. Probably, by 1831 they managed to get some hybrid with island forms of cane.

There were no cane plantations in the USA until 1831 - accordingly – there were no labour needs.

COTTON
Suitable for weaving Peruvian long staple cotton was found by Europeans in 1773. It is a fact, and it is based on numerous technical information. Englishmen imported into the USA the technology of cotton processing in 1789, and only then the USA business became interested in cotton. The first cotton in Louisiana was received in 1790 - 90 pounds, that is, 36 kg. Business developed quickly, and in 1810 in Louisiana they grew up already 37 thousand tons. In 1817 the cotton boom began.

That is, up to 1810-1817 the cotton planters had no need in black slaves - owing to absence of plantations.

Let’s summarize: particularly in the USA the need in slaves appeared around 1810 and jerky increased after 1817 and after 1831.

SITUATION IN THE SOUTH AMERICA
The main culture giving profit to Brazil was coffee. The first coffee tree in Brazil was mentioned in 1813, and merchandise volumes of coffee appeared by 1834. That is, slaves at coffee plantations were not required up to 1834.

The centre of rubber production, the city of Iquitos, was founded in Brazil in 1857, and the beginning of rubber fever stated in 1864.

Cigar factories in Southern and Central America began to increase since 1845, that is, until that time there were no any cigar tobacco plantations.

In 1809 Encyclopedia Britanica notices only four points of cocoa delivery: Caracas, Cartagena, Darien and Amazonia. In general cocoa plantations development in Brazil dates from 1820.

Up to 1809-1845 slaves in the South America were not required, - the same situation, as in the North America. The bottom border of labour requirement in the New World is 1809-1810.

THE PERIOD OF THE ACTIVE SLAVE TRADING
In 1818 England came to an agreement with Spain and Portugal, and those abandoned the right to trade slaves. In 1819 England also forced Holland to do it, in 1827 - Sweden, and in 1835 - Denmark and France.

Here we have a block of the connected events.
1809-1810 - labour requirement processed in colonies.
1818-1835 - seven countries abandoned the right to trade slaves under England’s pressure.
1842 - a series of important international agreements concerning abandoning the right to trade slaves took place.
1847 – is the estimated date of transferring of the released slaves in Sierra Leone and Liberia.
1848 - all-European the “Spring of Nations” declared personal liberty of a person.
All epoch of slave trading keeps within the period of 1809-1847 Earlier slaves were not required, and later it was a penal act. Moreover, I will remind, once again, it, in practice, it was not human trade; it was feudal people rights trade.

DYNAMICS OF IMMIGRATION TO THE USA
General dynamics of immigration to the USA is as follows:


The reasons of exponential emigrations from Europe are obvious:
- The land reforms that resulted in throwing out unnecessary peasants to the labour market;
- Increasing popularity of American agricultural crops;
- Development of steamship building, giving technical possibility to carry people in one direction, and coffee, sugar and cotton - in the other direction;

Moreover, it is clear that there are certain problems with statistics: from 1882 to 1887, when peasants in Ireland and Russia (and, according to the dates of end of the 49-year-old redemption, in all Europe) were transferred to the compulsory land redemption, and emigration had to achieve unprecedented progress, Brockhaus and Ephron's encyclopedia has data gaps.



CENSUSES IN THE USA
This data gap calls into question into general figures of censuses in the USA. I will remind here that in 1890 the copyists who got sunk in their own manipulations lost 13 million people. I will show the summary table of the censuses data.


The data relation of 1890 to 1880 is the same, as well as 1880 to 1870 - around 1.28, and it cannot be so, as in 1880 emigration got huge increase, - for example, in 1880-1889 1 445 181 Germans left Germany for the USA, and there were also other countries.

Possibly, therefore the initial censuses data of 1890 are not accessible in full amount. Almost all lists of inhabitants were spoilt at a fire in the cellar of the Commerce Building in Washington in 1921. Approximately 25 % of materials were destroyed, 50 % were damaged by fire, smoke and water where the most part of documents stayed during the whole night because of failure to act of the archive workers.

THE IMPORTANCE OF CENSUSES
What is the importance of earlier censuses data in such situation?
In the population census of 1790 published in 1971, about 16 slaves were reported in Vermont. In 1860 the figure became 17. Observation of the census lists has shown that there have never been slaves in Vermont.
The original information concerning the census of 1800 does not exist. Information about each citizen participating in the censuses of 1810, 1830 and 1840, did not remain; only general information concerning small territories is accessible. The population following the results of the census of 1820 was 9 638 453 people, 1 538 022 of them were slaves. However, still there were no sugar plantations in the USA in 1820, and cotton ones were at the very beginning of development.

Here is apotheosis: here are census lists for 1850, 1860 and 1870. The quality of paper and printing are comparable, and ink equally is not faded, and even the figures are not changed - during the most dynamical period of 19 century.


SURNAMES OF THE USA CITIZENS
In Russia the process of surnaming started after 1861, but even by 1895 75 % of the population had no surnames. In Europe we see active jugglings, but even Jews (not speaking about peasants) started to receive surnames only in 19 century.

In large quantities appropriated surnames (if they are not from nicknames) often bear recognized local character:
- There is toponymy and ethnotoponymy - Moskvin, Gruzinov, Volgin, Kalugin, Mordvinov, Khohlov...
- There is a local biosphere - Volkov, Komarov, Karpov, Schukin, Scheglov, Berezin, Dubinin...

And here in the USA I do not see such surnames, though it is considered that many people got there even before mass occurrence of surnames of 1850-1890. If surnames were given in the USA we should expect to see a great number of local surnames: Oregon, Montana, Bison, etc. Absence of such surnames proves extremely late, not earlier than the mass surnaming period in Europe, character of immigration in the USA.

ABOUT ESTIMATION DETAILS
From 1881 to 1901, the municipal data show 397083 people who left Holland, and the port data - only 78858, - the difference is fivefold. Here we have concealment of traffic volume for the purpose of taxes cheating.

Such details always should be taken into consideration.

THE RESUME
Prepotent paradigms about the order of America exploration, purchasing and import of slaves and immigration of the European population as a whole are doubtful.

LIST OF MAIN TEXTS
24. Chronological shifts: Catherine's shift and 59-year-old one. https://chispa1707.blogspot.com/2020/03/chronological-shifts-catherines-shift.html
25. The Roman numeration - a key to the chronology secret. https://chispa1707.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-roman-numeration-key-to-chronology.html
27. Lacuna
28. Lacuna
.
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Monday, 21 October 2019

About debts writing off in the ancient time

Andrew Stepanenko

June 29, 2019 <https://scan1707.blogspot.com/2019/06/blog-post_29.html>

Translated by Berenkova Violetta Michailovna

MICHAEL HUDSON’S REMARK
(https://emdrone.livejournal.com/300645.html)

Practice of debts writing off in the anniversary year has ancient roots. The word "anniversary" goes back to the bible term yovel, designating the fiftieth year when property debts were forgiven and debt slaves were released (Leviticus, 25:8-13). Similar traditions as C.Goodheart and M.Hudson mention in their article, existed in many Middle Eastern states - in Sumer, Assyria, Babylon. In agrarian societies, it was usual to take credits in the Temple (the Supreme religious organization) or from the governor, but in case of a poor harvest year, there was no possibility to pay them. In that case, the debtor either sold the property, or sold himself or a member of his family in slavery. However, those so-called agrarian debts - debts of households were forgiven in the anniversary year. Debts of merchants (investment), the result of commercial activity, were not written off.
Debts writing off occurred during the first millennium (BC).

RUSSIA. RESTRICTION OF THE LOAN IN A THREE-YEAR PERIOD
According to Vladimir's Charter, the collection of the borrowed money interest was strongly limited. The term of interest collection was limited to three years.
(© Pasynkov Alexander Sergeevich. “Usury Phenomenon”, Пасынков Александр Сергеевич. «Феномен ростовщичества»)

Why it was only three years? My not proved hypothesis: every fourth year there was debts writing off.

TORAH. ANNIVERSARY YEAR
(Retelling)
In our world, it is possible to transfer or sell the land to other people. Nevertheless, every 7th or 49th year, and the 50th year debts are written off - everything comes back again. The obligation to remit a debt periodically led to that people evaded from landing money to those in need with the approach of the Saturday year and anniversary year.

MY RECALCULATION
In my work, there are four variants of chronology reducing, and two of them have powerful justifications:
1) Transfer from the octal Roman calendar to the denary one without special efforts and without conspirology attraction transforms 12 months of a year into 15 years (indictum)
2) A Bible year is a synodic month of 29.53 days.
It is not excluded that both schemes were used: the Roman one - for the Roman history, the Judaic one - for the Judaic history.

We transform the terms of bible persons’ life into synodic months:
Adam's son Seth lived 912 years (76 years)
Enos - 905 years (75 years)
Cainan - 910 (76 years)
Mahalaleel - 895 (74 years)
Jered - 962 (80 years)

If so, the anniversary year came not in 49-50 years, but in 49-50 synodic months, that is, it is equal to 4 years. And, the usurer should start to write off the debt 2 weeks prior to the 4th years term (in a full moon) and finish all calculations two weeks later the 4th years term (in a full moon).

Why it was a 4 year period - as in Russia?
My answer: Judea (as well as Khazaria, related to it), Rome Empire (as well as the Byzantine Empire, related to it) and Russia used similar variants of the political system analogous to the Olympic 4 year period.

OLYMPIC FOUR-YEAR PERIOD
(The more detailed hypothesis)

THE SIZES OF ROMES
Each Rome consisted of a set of phratry-tribes standard for the union of tribes: 2, 4, 8, 12 and so on - more often it was 4 phratries with two leading ones. In the Byzantine Empire there were 4"circus" (that is, Olympic) political parties, leaders - Venets and Prasines. In Mexico, there were 4 of them, leaders – orders of the Jaguar and the Eagle.

PERIODICITY OF CHANGES
A married couple usually comes to crisis, when the child is 3 years old. At this age, the baby is able to eat him/herself, go to sleep, and hide if necessary. It is a biological signal identifying that if the pair does not match, it is time to part.

Change of governing parantelas is closely connected with repartition of regal women: a situation when the winner takes the wife of the previous governor is typical in the history of ruling families. There are tens of examples, and a 4 year period (there is a variant of a 5 year period) is biologically convenient.

CHANGE OF PARANTELAS
Change of governing parantela in a tribal society is necessity. There are a lot of ways to do it – stating from direct murder of all men of the senior parantela (there are some examples) finishing with sports games where the emperor who lost the game was sacrificed to gods. At first the sacrificing was natural (in archaic Rome and Aztecs’ Mexico), but then, probably, it became symbolical. I think, the emperor and all his parantela simply entered monasteries - after symbolical death for the world. They lived there not worse, than it was in liberty.

THE ROLE OF STADIUM (HIPPODROME)
There are three examples: the Mexican stadiums, the Roman stadiums (hippodromes) and competitions of the Turkic people: bajga (horse racing), kokpar, kazakhsha kures, kush synasu (powerlifting), kyz kuu (catch up with the girl).

The Turkic competition had a better original sense: to catch up with the girl meant to have a claim on her and if this girl was a princess, the victory was of great importance.

Aztecs following the results of a ball game sometimes sacrificed all lost command. Here again let’s remember that in Europe the seigneur could propose for a duel his knight-vassal instead of himself. Here we have a method to keep the power, rather backward and doubtfully masculine.

Historians of 19 century prescribed to the stadium games rather dishonorable role. The parties fighting for power were contemptuously named as circus, and regal matrons who determined power delegation – as circus prostitutes. Nobody was going to explain to us how prostitutes - one following another - became empresses of The Byzantine Empire. Successors of the Byzantine Empire should believe that their regal foremothers were all dirty whores.

In practice, it was the trial by ordeal, which took place at stadiums.

THE FRENCH VARIANT
In 1811 in France fights of two parties still passed in cities: the Black God and the White God (that ceremony was called "kazachi"). They fought fiercely, there were victims, but the aim was not murder, but certain not named symbolical act (I think, raising of the idol on the stipulated place). It granted the won party the right to administer the city all next year. So it was something of the kind of municipality elections.

Therefore, it was legally the trial by ordeal too.

RUSSIA
Who knows what role fisticuffs played in the life of the Russian village? It is clear that later it became just daring display, but the background of the ceremony was definitely was of greater importance.

FIGHTS OF GLADIATORS
I managed to find one distinct explanation of the essence of the matter. The fight was between men who had not solved the conflict (in particular, for property) by some other way. Men always had that right. The situation of fights of the dead mister’s slaves was widespread, - the destiny of succession laws, in this case, the debt dared. I will remind that the slave in Rome kept legal capacity in full, and in civil sense was more equal to any free. And here in a disputable case the slave had the right to throw down a challenge. It is clear that wishing to change the destiny force always were.

Moreover, it was too - legally - the trial by ordeal.

We have a created picture, where in the past all were slaves from the top to the bottom – though particularly at stadiums all were men from the top to the bottom.

THE ROMAN POWER
The main information for the Roman emperors was as follows: the power was given for a year. My interpretation: following the results of Olympic Games, four representatives of four phratries of new parantelas came to the power. They were formally equal between themselves, but there was a phratry-champion, and there were those who had come to the finish at Games later. In this order, they also should take the power: the champion - the first year, the silver prize-winner - the second year, etc.

In four years, the situation repeated, but that time the dominating parantela defended from claims of а younger parantela.

SENSE OF SUPERIORITY
The sense of the victory at the Olympic Games was enormous. In the first year, all debts were forgiven, and that phratry that started to rule in the first year was in huge honor. By the fourth year problems accumulated, and the last emperor, first of all, got all those problems.

SENSE OF DEBTS WRITING OFF
Merchant debts were liquid, therefore nobody wrote off anything to merchants - neither in Rome, nor in Judea, nor in Russia. Peasants’ debts were a more difficult case. If the village could not repay a debt three years running, that household was unprofitable. Sure, it was possible to take the village into bondage, but as a result, it was the same as to take on balance an unprofitable collective farm.

I will remind that all questions of the property repartition are solved in a tribal society through becoming related with each other. However, if you have become related with someone, you are responsible for this person, and according to the Customer Law, any of your new relatives can ask you to give them money, for example, to pay off the penalty for murder. Moreover, it is impossible to refuse. In addition, if the village starves, it is necessary to feed related people. To reconcile to losses and to write off a debt is much more reasonable.

ONE MORE SENSE
When the Olympic Games passed, the power changed. The former emperor was from phratry № 4, and then - from phratry № 2. Moreover, a new parantela came to the power; it displaced the previous one by force (victory) and was unwilling to take obligations of that previous one. So, the main thing was that to bear responsibility for the affairs of a former the power cohort was legally impossible: phratry № 2 had no right to answer for obligations of phratry № 4.

CONFIRMATION: THE WRITE-OFF CONDITION WAS POWER CHANGE
Let’s see what Michael Hudson spoke. “Herodotos wrote about debts writing off in Babylonia. It was a solid tradition in the Near East that a new governor, acceding to the throne, cancelled farmers’ debts”.

The hypothesis has harmoniously grown together with the real historical texture.

TWO TYPES OF DEBTS
If the debt was internal, the tribe-phratry borrowed crops in the central warehouse of the union of tribes, so the debt write-off was a normal part of their life: everyone could suffer from poor harvest. The Torah described exactly the same scheme; sure, for the period of indebtedness the tribe leaves got under external management of the Temple, it was both humane and reasonable. Historians named it slavery, but it was, more likely, like help of strong managers to weak managers.

Such internal debts are fixed in the Rus’ Justice.
The CITATION:... If the usurer lent 10 grivnas, one “third slice” was equal to 5 grivnas. Taking from the debtor “two slices” - 10 grivnas, the creditor had the right to collect and the basic amount of debt - 10 grivnas. Having collected from the debtor “three slices” (5+5+5), the usurer lost the right to collect the basic amount of debt. (© Пасынков Александр Сергеевич. «Феномен ростовщичества». Pasynkov Alexander Sergeevich. “Usury Phenomenon”)

In practice, here we have a liberty admitted by a historian Tikhomirov that the third slice was taken in 4 months’ time (the third of a year). Now the third slice is called as annual and if so, three third slices were exactly equal to the restriction imposed by Vladimir - only three years interest payments. That is, the usurer lent 100 %, and returned maximum 60 %. The solution is simple: in the Rus’ Justice the mechanism of intertribal mutual aid is described, instead of the modern credit. It was necessary to take interest payments, to keep the debtor in tonus, but nobody would bleed him white. Because he was the related person. He would pay off with other currency - with his fidelity.

The second variant of indebtedness was external when the union of tribes borrowed money from other breeding union. That variant of indebtedness went according to the merchant scheme, and it would hardly be written off. However, it is clear that usurers were not involved in that process; it was foreign policy - sometimes successful, sometimes not.

REVALUATION OF THE PEASANTRY PLACE 
So, it was hardly possible to enslave the peasantry. A solid village would pay off, and nobody would take a weak one on balance. Capitalists (so named bankers and usurers) in the middle of 19 century declared: “the earth as pledge is not suitable; for us, the earth is illiquid”.


Worse than that, until 1848-1853 patrimony (and it was 99 % of real estate property) was inalienable. Legal rates for alienation had not been developed yet. Therefore neither the lands and nor peasants were sold, but the feudal rights of landowners to the lands and peasants appeared at the market. In particular, the right to collect the tithe (speaking about Europe), so that right was already liquid.

Therefore when, quoting Lozinsky, I say that Churches had the third of Europe population was in slavery, it is inexact. Sure, peasants were not free, but the Church gave loans not to peasants, but to their landowners, and demanded interest payment not from peasants, but from their landowners, and - accordingly - whom did it enslave? Those who were released by Catherine II synchronously with secularization of the church property – the noblemen.

The Georgian historians exactly wrote: in 1833 our noblemen were released from serfdom. The Danish historians exactly wrote: until 1850s, our noblemen were obliged to the seigneurs with the corvee - that is, personal labor for the seigneur: to hand him socks in the morning, to wash his ass, to bring a horse.

CHURCH CRISIS
Nevertheless, the reform of civil legal rights took place with Christianity introduction.
The ancient Roman concept "libertine" totally disappeared; the enslaving with the Church appearance became eternal. To capture the third of that time world resources was the fact that neither Jewish, nor pagan usurers had never dreamed about.

The revolution reason could be only one, and it was complex: cancellation of the power rotation at the Olympic Games, and accordingly, establishment of irremovability and continuity of power when there was no sense to write off debts. With disappearance of regular change of the tribal elite, the legal impossibility to continue to charge interest for the debt vanished as well .

ST. GEORGE’S DAY. THE NEW VIEW
St. George’s day was waited for, as it was godsend. St. George’s day is an exact analogue of the Jewish Anniversary Year and the Roman Saturnalia when with coming to the supreme power of a new parantela, all old debts were written off. Moreover, it was clear that a new boss came to each village - one of younger relatives of the new emperor.

THE BASIC IDEA
Cancellation of St. George’s day was a consequence of the monarchy birth as a management principle. The power rotation stopped; there appeared a possibility for unlimited interest charge for the debt, which was previously restricted to 4-7 years, which meant termless servitude.

LIST OF MAIN TEXTS
24. Chronological shifts: Catherine's shift and 59-year-old one. https://chispa1707.blogspot.com/2020/03/chronological-shifts-catherines-shift.html
25. The Roman numeration - a key to the chronology secret. https://chispa1707.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-roman-numeration-key-to-chronology.html
27. Lacuna
28. Lacuna
.
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Law of succession. Basic

Andrew Stepanenko

June 20, 2019 <https://scan1707.blogspot.com/2019/06/blog-post_20.html>

Translated by Berenkova Violetta Michailovna

This is a short piece of text, but it is the central point in the history.

Source:
https://lib.sale/pravo-grajdanskoe-uchebnik/osobyie-poryadki-nasledstva-nasledovanie-47524.html

The inheritance of peasants is determined according to their customs. IX т., Особ. прил., Общ. крест. пол. 38. Пол. Вык. 166. Местн. Велик. 110. Местн. Малор. 93. Местн. Закавк., ст. 81. Местн. Бессар., ст. 36.The rule is applied irrespective of, whether the inheritance is a part of the peasant plot or other property and whether the inheritance case is in the volost or general courts.

MY COMMENT: in 1828-1856 in Russia 91 % of the population were peasants. The same was both in Europe, and in colonies, except for cities-ports. So that 91 % of the population followed the law, fixed nowhere, with rare exception, being not related to the city law. Lawyers de facto in general bypass this question and it is the right decision, - the village followed ancient laws like Lex Salica and Rus’ Justice of 11th century origin. In the middle of 19th century of the village did not need any changes – their life was the same as 800 years ago.

I mean that the English case law in colonies (including the USA) could be valid only in case of large trading companies. In remote places the developed forms of law were useless: a microscope and a calliper in a rural blacksmith shop were of no use.

THE BASIC IDEA
I declare: at least until 1848 the rural Customer Law worked for 90 % of the world population and thus had nothing in common to the law forms dominating in modern history textbooks.

LIST OF MAIN TEXTS
24. Chronological shifts: Catherine's shift and 59-year-old one. https://chispa1707.blogspot.com/2020/03/chronological-shifts-catherines-shift.html
25. The Roman numeration - a key to the chronology secret. https://chispa1707.blogspot.com/2020/04/the-roman-numeration-key-to-chronology.html
27. Lacuna
28. Lacuna
.
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